Learn English Speaking and Grammar through Hindi language. A guideline of Spoken English with complete grammar.
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This is not only a book but a revolution in English. Author: Niranjan Jha, publisher: Cromosys Publication. Contact number: +045. Niranjan Jha is a Trainer, Author, Entrepreneur, Filmmaker, and Activist. He teaches Spoken English, Voice and Accent, Language Diction, French, Spanish, and German from past fifteen years at Nallasopara, Mumbai, India.
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. Odia ( ଓଡ଼ିଆ ) (formerly romanized as Oriya) is a language spoken by 4.2% of 's population. It is a that is spoken mostly in, with around 40 million native speakers globally. It is the predominant language of the Indian state of (Orissa) where native speakers make up 75% of the population, and is also spoken in parts of, and. Odia is one of the many; it is the official language of Odisha and the second official language of Jharkhand. The language is also spoken by a sizeable population of at least 1 million people in Chhattisgarh.
Odia is the sixth Indian language to be designated a on the basis of having a long literary history and not having borrowed extensively from other languages. The earliest known inscription in Odia dates back to the 10th century AD. Contents. Geographical distribution India Odia is mainly spoken in the state of Odisha, but there are significant Odia-speaking populations in the neighbouring states, such as, and; as well as in the neighbouring country of.
Due to the increasing migration of labour, the west Indian state of also has a significant population of Odia speakers, with being the city with largest Odia-speaking population in Gujarat. Significant numbers of Odia speakers can also be found in the cities of, and. Foreign countries The Odia diaspora constitute a sizeable number in several countries around the world, totalling the number of Odia speakers on a global scale to 55 million. It has a significant presence in eastern countries such as, mainly carried by the, ancient traders from Odisha who carried the language along with the culture during the, and in western countries such as the, and as well. The language has also spread to, and countries.
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(May 2016) Standard Odia Kataki Odia or The Odia of Mughalbandi region is considered as Standard Odia due to literary traditions. It is spoken mainly in the eastern half of the state of Odisha, in districts like, and district with little variation. Major forms or dialects. Midnapori Odia: Spoken in the undivided District of West Bengal.: Spoken in, and district of Jharkhand.: Spoken in, and district of Odisha.: Spoken in and districts of Odisha and district of Andhra Pradesh.
Spoken in, and districts of Odisha and by some people in, districts of Chhattisgarh state.: Spoken in, and Districts of Odisha and in the hilly regions of, District of Andhra Pradesh.: Spoken in South-western Odisha and eastern-south Chhattisgarh.: Spoken in undivided Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. Halbi is a mixture of Odia and Marathi with influence of Chatishgarhi tribal languages.: spoken in, Khajuripada block of, and in nearby areas bordering.This language gained momentum during the amalgamation of, and, region into a single district, Minor non literary and tribal forms or dialects Odia's minor dialects include:.: Variation of Odia Spoken in Sundargarh district of and in adjoining pockets of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.: Variation of Odia spoken in undivided and neighboring districts of Chhattisgarh. Kurmi: Spoken in Northern Odisha and South west Bengal.
Sounti: Spoken in Northern Odisha and South west Bengal. Bathudi: Spoken in Northern Odisha and South west Bengal.
Kondhan: A tribal dialect spoken in Western Odisha.: Spoken in bordering areas of Chatishgarh and Western Odisha.: Spoken mostly by the ingenious people of Aghria caste in Western Odisha. Bhulia: Tribal form spoken in Western Odisha.: A mixture of Odia and Hindi language with major regional tribal influence.: Tribal dialect of Odia spoken mostly in Koraput district of Southern Odisha. Matia: Tribal dialect of Odia spoken in Southern Odisha. Bhuyan: Tribal dialect of Odia spoken in Southern Odisha.: Spoken in Southern Odisha and bordering areas of Andhra Pradesh.: Spoken by caste people in the Indian state of and Andhra Pradesh, mostly in, and districts.
A detailed chart depicting evolution of the Odia script as displayed in a museum at Odia is an belonging to the Indo-Aryan language family. It is thought to be directly descended from an Odra similar to, which was spoken in eastern India over 1,500 years ago, and is the primary language used in early texts. Odia appears to have had relatively little influence from and, compared to other major North Indian languages. The history of the Odia language is divided into eras:. Old Odia (3rd century BC): The earliest evidence of Old Odia is found in the 3rd century BC Ashoka edit of Dhauli and 1st century BC.
The old colloquial literature is the, poetry written in an ancestral to Odia, Bengali and Assamese. Early Middle Odia (1200–1400): The earliest use of prose can be found in the of the, which dates back to the 12th century. Such works as Shishu Veda, Amara Kosha, Gorakha Samhita, Kalasha Chautisha, and Saptanga are written in this form of Odia. Middle Odia (1400–1700): writes the. Towards the 16th century, poets emerged around the leader, These five poets are Balaram Das, Achyutananda, Ananta Dasa and Jasobanta Dasa. Late Middle Odia (1700–1850): Ushabhilasa of Sisu Sankara Das, the Rahasya Manjari of Deba Durlabha Dasa and the Rukmini Bibha of Kartika Dasa were written.
A new form of metrical epic-poems (called Chhanda-Kabya) evolved during the beginning of the 17th century when Ramachandra Pattanayaka wrote Haravali. Took a leading role in this period- his creations Baidehisha Bilasa, Koti Brahmanda Sundari, Labanyabati were landmarks in Odia Literature.
Dinakrushna Dasa’s Rasokallola and Abhimanyu Samanta Singhara’s Bidagdha Chintamani are prominent Kavyas of this time. Four major poets emerged in the end of the era are, Bhima Bhoi, and Gopala Krushna Pattanaik. Modern Odia (1850 till present day): The first Odia printing typeset was cast in 1836 by the Christian missionaries which made a great revolution in Odia literature and language. Eastern Hemisphere in the year 200. Charyapada of 8th Century and its affinity with Odia language The beginnings of Odia poetry coincide with the development of charya sahitya, the literature started by such as in the Charyapada. This literature was written in a specific metaphor called and prominent poets included, and.
Quite importantly, the Ragas that have mentioned for singing the Charyapadas are found abundantly in latter Odia literature. Poet Jayadeva's literary contribution was a Sanskrit poet. He was born in an family of Puri in circa 1200 AD. He is most known for his composition, the epic poem, which depicts the divine love of the Hindu deity Krishna and his consort, Radha, and is considered an important text in the Bhakti movement of Hinduism. About the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th, the influence of changed the pattern of versification in Odia. , a British author and civil servant in who stayed for a considerable time in Odisha and worked for the survival of Odia language quotes: At a period when Odia was already a fixed and settled language, Bengali did not exist.
The Bengalis spoke a vast variety of corrupt forms of Eastern Hindi. It is not till quite recent times that we find anything that can with propriety be called a Bengali language. Dialects have bit of variety from the literary language, and bengal circulated in a vast region so that it have some varieties, called dialects. Odia circulated in a small region and less no of speaker that's why variety is very less, rather it have a similarity to bengali language. We may place the Hindi with its subsidiary forms Gujurati and Punjabi first fixing their rise and establishment as a modern languages distinct from their previous existence as Prakrit till the 12th or 13th century. Odia must have quite completed its transformation by the end of the 14th century. Bengali was no separate independent language but a maze of dialects without a distinct national or provincial type till the 17th or beginning of the 18th century.
It was not till the gradual decay of the central Mohammedan power of Delhi enabled the provincial governors to assume an independent position that Bengali severed itself from Hindi and assumed characteristics which now vindicate for its right to be called a separate language. Phonology. Pronunciation of. Odia has twenty-eight consonant phonemes, two semivowel phonemes and six vowel phonemes. Odia vowel phonemes i u e o a ɔ All vowels except /o/ also have counterparts, but these are not always contrastive.
Final vowels are standard and pronounced, e.g. Odia pʰulɔ contra pʰul 'flower'. Odia consonant phonemes / ( ) / pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰ bʱ d̪ʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱ The is given phonemic status in some analyses. Nasals assimilate for in nasal–stop clusters. /ɖ ɖʱ/ have the ɽ ɽʱ in position and in final position (but not at boundaries). Stops are sometimes between /s/ and a vowel or an /s/+vowel and a vowel. Some speakers distinguish between single and.
Morphology. Main article: The earliest literature in Odia language can be traced to the Charyapadas composed in the 7th to 9th centuries. Before Sarala Das, the most important works in Odia literature are the Shishu Veda, Saptanga, Amara Kosha, Rudrasudhanidhi, Kesaba Koili, Kalasha Chautisha etc. In the 14th century, the poet 's wrote the, and, in praise of the goddess., written by, was the first long poem written in the Odia language. The following era is termed the and stretches until the year 1700.
The period begins with the writings of whose Vaishnava influence brought in a new evolution in Odia literature. Notable religious works of the Panchasakha Age include those of, Ananta and. The authors of this period mainly translated, adapted, or imitated Sanskrit literature. Other prominent works of the period include the of, the of and the Rukmini-bibha of. A new form of novels in verse evolved during the beginning of the 17th century when wrote Haravali. Other poets like Madhusudana, and composed another form called (long poems) based on themes from Puranas, with an emphasis on plain, simple language. However, during the (also known as the Age of Riti Yuga) beginning with turn of the 18th century, verbally tricky Odia became the order of the day.
Verbal jugglery, obscenity and eroticism characterise the period between 1700 and 1850, particularly in the works of the era's eponymous poet (1670–1720). Bhanja's work inspired many imitators of which the most notable is Arakshita Das. Family chronicles in prose relating religious festivals and rituals are also characteristic of the period. The first Odia printing typeset was cast in 1836 by Christian missionaries. Although the handwritten Odia script of the time closely resembled the and, the one adopted for the printed typesets was significantly different, leaning more towards the and. Produced an Oriya Bible (1840), Oriya Dictionary (1841–43) and An Introductory Grammar of Oriya (1844).
Odia has a rich literary heritage dating back to the thirteenth century. Who lived in the fourteenth century is known as the of Odisha.
He translated the into Odia. In fact, the language was initially standardised through a process of translating classical Sanskrit texts such as the Mahabharata, and Srimad Bhagabata Gita. The translation of the Srimad Bhagabata Gita by Jagannatha Dasa was particularly influential on the written form of the language. Odia has had a strong tradition of poetry, especially poetry.
Other eminent Odia poets include and. Prose in the language has had a late development. Three great poets and prose writers, (1849–1908), (1843–1918) and (1853–1912) made Odia their own.
They brought in a modern outlook and spirit into Odia literature. Around the same time the modern drama took birth in the works of Ray beginning with Kanci-Kaveri (1880).
Among the contemporaries of Fakir Mohan, four novelists deserve special mention: Aparna Panda, Mrutyunjay Rath, Ram Chandra Acharya and Brajabandhu Mishra. Aparna Panda's Kalavati and Brajabandhu Mishra's Basanta Malati were both published in 1902, the year in which Chha Mana Atha Guntha came out in the book form. Brajabandhu Mishra's Basanta Malati, which came out from Bamanda, depicts the conflict between a poor but highly educated young man and a wealthy and highly egoistic young woman whose conjugal life is seriously affected by ego clashes. Through a story of union, separation and reunion, the novelist delineates the psychological state of a young woman in separation from her husband and examines the significance of marriage as a social institution in traditional Indian society.
Ram Chandra Acharya wrote about seven novels during 1924-1936. All his novels are historical romances based on the historical events in Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Odisha.
Mrutyunjay Rath's novel, Adbhuta Parinama, published in 1915, centres round a young Hindu who gets converted to Christianity to marry a Christian girl. One of the great writers in the 19th century was Pandit (1907-1995) from Cuttack, who wrote many books for children like Pari Raija, Kuhuka Raija, Panchatantra, Adi Jugara Galpa Mala, etc. He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in the year 1971-72 for his contributions to Odia literature, development of children's fiction, and biographies.
One of the prominent writers of the 19th and 20th centuries was (1927–2002). His contribution to Historical novels is beyond words. He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in the year 1998 for his contributions to Odia literature. His son (born 1951) is also a writer. His contribution towards poetry, criticism, essays, story and novels is commendable.
He was the former President of Utkal Kala Parishad and also former President of Odisha Geeti Kabi Samaj. Presently he is a member of the Executive Committee of Utkal Sahitya Samaj. Another illustrious writer of the 20th century was Mr. Chintamani Das. A noted academician, he was written more than 40 books including fiction, short stories, biographies and storybooks for children.
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Born in 1903 in Sriramachandrapur village under Satyabadi block, Chintamani Das is the only writer who has written biographies on all the five 'Pancha Sakhas' of Satyabadi namely Pandit Gopabandhu Das, Acharya Harihara, Nilakantha Das, Krupasindhu Mishra and Pandit Godabarisha. Having served as the Head of the Odia department of Khallikote College, Berhampur, Chintamani Das was felicitated with the Sahitya Akademi Samman in 1970 for his outstanding contribution to Odia literature in general and Satyabadi Yuga literature in particular. Some of his well-known literary creations are 'Bhala Manisha Hua', 'Manishi Nilakantha', 'Kabi Godabarisha', 'Byasakabi Fakiramohan', 'Usha', 'Barabati'. 20th century writers in Odia include Pallikabi (1875–1928), (1862–1924), and, besides and (1877–1928).
The most notable novelists were, and. Is the great introducer of the ultra-modern style in modern Odia poetry. Others who took up this form were, and. Is known for his translations of some western classics apart from, and. Criticism, essays and history also became major lines of writing in the Odia language.
Esteemed writers in this field were Professor, Professor, and. Odia literature mirrors the industrious, peaceful and artistic image of the who have offered and gifted much to the Indian civilization in the field of art and literature. Now Writers 's creations motivated and inspired people towards a positive lifestyle.Distinguished prose writers of the modern period include, Godabarisha Mohapatra, Kalindi Charan Panigrahi, Kishori Charan Das, Gopinath Mohanty, Rabi Patnaik, Chandrasekhar Rath, Binapani Mohanty, Ramchandra Behera, Padmaja Pal. But it is poetry that makes modern Odia literature a force to reckon with. Poets like, Sachidananda Routray, Guruprasad Mohanty, Soubhagya Misra, Sitakanta Mohapatra, Rajendra Kishore Panda, Pratibha Satpathy have made significant contributions towards Indian poetry.
's novella, Translator Translated, from her collection The Art of Disappearance, features a translator of a fictive Odian short story writer; the novella contains a discussion of the perils of translating works composed in regional Indian languages into English. Four writers in Odia -, and - have been awarded the, a prestigious Indian literary award. Language sample The first article of the in Odia: ସବୁ ମନୁଷ୍ଯ ଜନ୍ମକାଳରୁ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ । ସେମାନଙ୍କର ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦା ଓ ଅଧିକାର ସମାନ । ସେମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ପ୍ରଜ୍ଞା ଓ ବିବେକ ନିହିତ ଅଛି । ସେମାନେ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଭାତୃଭାବ ପୋଷଣ କରି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବା ଦରକାର।.
The book, written by Rajeevan Karal, is the first indigenously developed grammar series and has been compiled for learners of English, teachers, translators, and general readers. Attending the program as chief guest, prof Natabar Satapathy of the Oriya department, Ravenshaw University, said, “Language is a medium of communication and it evolves when one is connected with it emotionally. Every language has some pattern and if we follow that, it will be easier for every learner to learn any language.”.
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Prof Kalyani Samantaray of English department, Utkal University, said, “The bilingual approach of the book helps the adult learners in independent learning of grammar and furthers their proficiency and accuracy in English language.” Rajeevan Karal said, “The grammar book has been especially prepared for elementary and pre-intermediate Indian learners, who have low proficiency in the language and hence would help them as explanations are also there in their mother tongue. It is the first course that explains Indian learners’ difficulties, sensitises them to many common errors made by Indian learners and teaches them how to avoid those. “Many learners when are in doubt often depend on others to clear their doubt. If you have good dictionary, then one can easily get answers for grammatical diction from the dictionary. One needs to associate with the language to develop good command over it.”.
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